Wireless network receiver

ABSTRACT

A wireless network receiver includes a detection module that uses preamble data in a data frame for signal processing functions and the detection module is configured to adjust the number of preamble data bits that are used based on the power of a received signal.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/908,551 filed Nov. 25, 2013.

BACKGROUND

Utility companies (for example, electric, gas, and water) areincreasingly implementing usage meters that can wirelessly transmitusage data. The wireless networks for utility companies are called SmartUtility Networks (SUN). There are multiple organizations developingstandards for SUN. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) has a standard (IEEE 802.15.4g) for SUN. The TelecommunicationsIndustry Association (TIA) also has a standard (TR-51) for SUN.

Meters on a customer's premises may wirelessly transmit data to a datacollection point operated for a utility company. The data collectionpoint may then be connected by fiber, copper wire, or wirelessly to acentral office. Usage data may be hopped from meter to meter in a meshconfiguration until it reaches the data collection point. A meshconfiguration may be appropriate for an urban or suburban area with ahigh density of meters. Alternatively, usage data may be sent directlyfrom each meter to the data collection point (star configuration). Astar configuration may be appropriate for rural environments where thedensity of meters is so low that there may not be a convenient neighborto use as an intermediate hop. There may also be mixtures of star andmesh configurations.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model for networks dividescommunications functionality into seven logical layers. The lowestlayer, called the Physical Layer (PHY) defines the conversion betweenthe representation of digital data and the corresponding signalstransmitted over the physical communications channel, and also thestructure of the data frames. There are multiple PHY's supported by theSUN standards. In particular, in one embodiment, all legacy devices in aSUN communicate using Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). Accordingly, for theparticular embodiment, in a mesh configuration, all devices must be ableto receive FSK modulated data with the specified data frame structure.There is a need for improved SUN receivers for receiving FSK modulateddata.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example data frame,

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematic of an example embodiment of areceiver for processing the data frame of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for operating the receiver of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an alternative method for operating thereceiver of FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical data frame structure specified by a PHY forFSK modulated data. The frame structure has a plurality of preamblebytes 102, followed by a Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) 104, followed by aPhysical Layer Header (PHR) 106, followed by the data packet 108. Thepreamble bytes consist of the repetitive bit sequence 01010101. The SFD104 is a pre-determined 16-bit or 32 bit sequence. The PHR 106 consistsof 16 bits that contain information for decoding the data packet. Thepreamble bytes 102 are first used for signal power measurement andAutomatic Gain Control (AGC) in the receiver. In addition, there aremultiple signal processing functions (frequency offset estimation, bitsynchronization, bit correlation) that must be performed before readingthe data packet. Those signal processing functions also use the preamblebits.

Utility meter data is typically sent in short bursts. For example, ameter may send usage data every 15 minutes. A receiver in a meshconfiguration may go into a standby or sleep mode between receivedbursts. A receiver may need some time to come out of a standby mode andadjust the amplifier gain. If the amplifier gain is not at the properlevel, then the preamble bits may be corrupted and they cannot be usedfor the signal processing functions. Accordingly, the preamble bits arenot used for frequency offset estimation, bit synchronization, and bitcorrelation until the amplifier gain is at the appropriate level.

During standby, the amplifier gain is set to the maximum gain to enableit to detect an incoming signal at the lowest specified power. The AGCmodule adjusts the amplifier gain in discrete steps, and each step hassome constraints (for example, up to 50 dB adjustment per step). If theamplifier gain is at the maximum gain, and if a strong signal isreceived, the amplifier may need to adjust the gain downward multiplesteps, and each step takes time. In prior art receivers, the receiverwaits for the worst case AGC adjustment time before using the preamblebits for frequency offset estimation, bit synchronization. However, if agreater number of suitable preamble bits (bits received with theamplifier at the appropriate gain) could be used, then the accuracy offrequency offset adjustment, bit synchronization, and bit correlationwould be improved. If the amplifier gain is at the maximum, and alow-power signal is received, then the amplifier gain does not need tochange, but if the receiver waits for the worst case AGC adjustment timethen some useful preamble bits are wasted. In the following discussion,instead of using the worst case AGC adjustment time, the receiveradaptively decides the number of preamble bits to use based oninformation from the AGC module.

FIG. 2 illustrates a receiver 200 with adaptive preamble detection.Receiver 200 has an AGC module 202 that measures the power of theincoming signal and adjusts the gain of an amplifier accordingly. Apreamble detection module 206 uses the preamble bits to perform signalprocessing functions such as frequency offset estimation, bitsynchronization, and bit correlation. The AGC module 202 sends aReceived Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) signal 204 to the preambledetection module 206, indicating the strength of the incoming signal.For example, the RSSI signal may specify a gain index setting, or mayspecify how many AGC adjustment steps will be required to obtain theproper gain. In the following discussion, the number of AGC adjustmentsteps is used as an example, but other signal power information may beused instead. The preamble detection module 206 uses the RSSI signal todetermine how long to wait before using preamble bits for frequencyoffset estimation, bit synchronization, and bit correlation. If forexample, a low level signal is received, the RSSI signal may indicatethat no AGC adjustment is necessary, and the preamble detection module206 may start using the preamble bits immediately. Alternatively, if astrong signal is received, the RSSI signal may indicate that one or moreAGC adjustment steps are required, and the preamble detection module 206will wait an appropriate amount of time before using the preamble bits.Note that more preamble bits will be used for a weak signal, where moreaveraging of preamble bits is needed, and fewer preamble bits will beused for a strong signal, where averaging of preamble bits is lessimportant.

Some utility meters, for example, water meters, may be battery powered,and they may be in relatively inaccessible locations, so it is importantto preserve battery life. In addition, some utility meters may useprocessors with limited processing capability, to save on both processorcost and power consumption. On average, an adaptive receiver will usemore preamble bits for the preamble detection module than a prior artreceiver that always waits for a worst-case AGC adjustment time.Accordingly, on average, an adaptive receiver will use more processorinstruction cycles and more battery power processing the additionalpreamble bits. An adaptive receiver may choose to process a maximumnumber of preamble bits, where the maximum number is less than thenumber of suitable bits, just to conserve power or just because oflimited processing capability. Additionally, this choice may vary byfunction, so that for example, the maximum number of preamble bits usedfor frequency offset estimation may be different than the maximum numberof preamble bits used for bit synchronization.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example method 300 to be performed by the preambledetection module 206. In method 300, “L” is the total number of preamblebits in the PHY specified frame structure. It is assumed that “n” AGCstep changes can corrupt up to C_(n) preamble bits. Each signalprocessing function “i” (in the preamble detection module) thatprocesses preamble bits (frequency offset estimation, bitsynchronization, bit correlation) may process up to M_(i) preamble bits,where M_(i)<L (to conserve power). At step 302, if the amplifier gaindoes not need to change, then at step 304 each signal processingfunction “i” uses M_(i) preamble bits. If, at step 302 the amplifiergain does need to change, then if, at step 306 the amplifier gain needsonly one step of adjustment, then at step 308 each signal processingfunction “i” uses the minimum of M_(i), L−C₁) preamble bits. If, at step306 the amplifier gain needs more than one step of adjustment (“n” stepsof adjustment, where “n” is greater than one), then at step 310 eachsignal processing function “i” uses the minimum of (M_(i), L−C_(n))preamble bits.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative method 400 to be performed by thepreamble detection module 206. In method 400, there is a predeterminedthreshold “T”, where “T” is a number of steps of amplifier gainadjustment. For each signal processing function “i”, there are twonumbers (N_(i1), N_(i2)) of preamble bits to be used, where N_(i1) isgreater than N_(i2). At step 402, if the number of needed amplifier gainadjustment steps is less than “T”, then at step 404 each signalprocessing function “i” uses N_(i1) preamble bits. Otherwise, at step406 each signal processing function “i” uses N_(i2) preamble bits.

Note that a mesh configuration will be stable over a relatively longperiod of time, so that any one receiver will receive a signal from thesame set of transmitters over a relatively long period of time. In analternative embodiment, in addition to receiving the RSSI signal, thepreamble detection module 206 keeps a history of the number of amplifiergain adjustment steps required by received signals. As one example, ifall of the recently received signals require at least one amplifier gainadjustment step (that is, all the signals are relatively strong), theneach signal processing function “i” uses N_(i2) preamble bits.

In a specific example embodiment, if the needed amplifier gain changefrom the maximum gain is within 50 dB (one gain adjustment step or nogain adjustment needed), then at least one signal processing function“i” uses 32 preamble bits. If the needed amplifier gain change requiresat least two steps of adjustment, then at least one signal processingfunction “i” uses 16 preamble bits.

While illustrative and presently preferred embodiments of the inventionhave been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that theinventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed andthat the appended claims are intended to be construed to include suchvariations except insofar as limited by the prior art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless network receiver, comprising: apreamble detection module that uses preamble bits in a data frame forsignal processing functions; and wherein the preamble detection moduleadjusts the number of preamble bits that are used in response to thepower of a received signal; wherein the preamble detection moduleperforms a plurality of signal processing functions using the preamblebits; wherein the number of preamble bits that are used by each signalprocessing function is variable based on the power of the receivedsignal; and wherein at least one signal processing function uses apredetermined maximum number of preamble bits where the predeterminedmaximum number is based on limiting processor instruction cycles.
 2. Awireless network receiver, comprising: a preamble detection module thatuses preamble bits in a data frame for signal processing functions;wherein the preamble detection module adjusts the number of preamblebits that are used in response to the power of a received signal; and anautomatic amplifier gain control module that measures the power of thereceived signal and sends power information to the preamble detectionmodule; wherein the power information specifies a number of amplifiergain adjustment steps that will be required in response to the power ofthe received signal; and wherein the preamble detection module uses afirst number of preamble bits for signal processing when the requirednumber of gain adjustment steps is zero, and where the detection moduleuses a second number of preamble bits for signal processing when therequired number of gain adjustment steps is one.
 3. The wireless networkreceiver of claim 2, where the preamble detection module uses a thirdnumber of preamble bits for signal processing when the required numberof gain adjustment steps is greater than one.
 4. A method, comprising:receiving, by a wireless network receiver, a signal; using, by apreamble detector module in the wireless network receiver, preamble bitsin the signal for signal processing; adapting, by the preamble detectormodule, the number of preamble bits being used, in response to the powerof the signal; determining, by an amplifier module, the number ofamplifier gain adjustment steps needed, based on the power of thesignal; sending, by the amplifier module, information indicating thenumber of amplifier gain adjustment steps needed to the preambledetector module; and the step of adapting further comprising: using, bythe preamble detector module, a first number of preamble bits for signalprocessing when the number of amplifier gain adjustment steps is zero;and using, by the preamble detector module, a second number of preamblebits for signal processing when the number of amplifier gain adjustmentsteps is one.
 5. The method of claim 4, the step of adapting furthercomprising: using, by the preamble detector module, a third number ofpreamble bits for signal processing when the number of amplifier gainadjustment steps is greater than one.
 6. A method, comprising:receiving, by a wireless network receiver, a signal; using, by apreamble detector module in the wireless network receiver, preamble bitsin the signal for signal processing; adapting, by the preamble detectormodule, the number of preamble bits being used, in response to the powerof the signal; determining, by an amplifier module, the number ofamplifier gain adjustment steps needed, based on the power of thesignal; sending, by the amplifier module, information indicating thenumber of amplifier gain adjustment steps needed to the preambledetector module; and the step of adapting further comprising: using, bythe preamble detector module, a first number of preamble bits for signalprocessing when the number of amplifier gain adjustment steps is below apredetermined threshold; and using, by the preamble detector module, asecond number of preamble bits for signal processing when the number ofamplifier gain adjustment steps is greater than the predeterminedthreshold.
 7. A method, comprising: recording, by a wireless networkreceiver, a history of the power of received signals; receiving, by thewireless network receiver, a signal; using, by a preamble detectormodule in the network receiver, preamble bits in the signal for signalprocessing; and adapting, by the preamble detector module, the number ofpreamble bits being used, based on the history of the power of receivedsignals; and where the history of the power of received signalscomprises a history of the number of amplifier gain adjustment stepsrequired by previously received signals.